morpheus 发表于 2022-5-2 10:03:10

邹迎曦、陆碧波 |《张謇一生》第一章—— 少年风霜

<p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;">一、少年风霜</strong></p><p><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"><br/></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;">生于常乐&nbsp; &nbsp;起自田舍</strong></p><p><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"><br/></strong></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">海门常乐镇位于长江的尾端入海口的北岸。咸丰三年五月二十五日(1853年7月1日)卯时</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"></span></strong><span style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); user-select: text !important;">张謇</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">就出生在这里。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这时的中国很不太平,已经历过二次鸦片战争的创伤,衰败的清王朝被迫开放口岸通商,在大量洋货进入中国市场的同时,传教士们带来的西方文化也悄悄地影响和改变着传统的社会,这种影响以东南沿海地区最为显著。然而,同处于沿海的通州、海门一带,由于地理位置的相对偏僻,长期保持着一种近乎凝滞的状态,始终不受所染,以致张謇出生前三个月发生的太平军攻占南京这类大事,也没有给这里带来多大的震惊。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">常乐镇的历史并不悠久,清雍正年间,这里还仅仅是长江北侧初涨出的沙洲,随着渐次陆续成陆,人们来此生息,才逐渐形成规模很小的集镇。这里的居民都是“客籍”,他们中大都是从江南来此地开垦荒地的移民。江岸涨坍变化无常,使得移民很少有“安土重迁”式的追求安逸宁静的保守心态,却增强了一份忧患意识,以及顽强抗争,勇于进取的开拓精神。这种较普遍的移民特征,对张謇性格的生成,有着极大的影响。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">咸丰三年五月二十五日(1853年7月1日)卯时,张謇出生于海门常乐镇敦裕堂前进之西室的一个兼营商业、手工业作坊的富裕农民家庭。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><ignore_js_op style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"></ignore_js_op></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"><span style="color:#696969;overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;">海门市常乐镇状元故里</span></strong></p><p><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">据说,在张謇出生的前几天,老天一直板着面孔,滂沱大雨下个不停,好像有倒不尽的苦水,眼看就要淫雨成灾了。可是就在这个风雨交加的初夏夜里,家住常乐镇敦裕堂前进之西室的张彭年家,因妻子金氏怀孕临产,整夜灯火通明。房内,妻子金氏阵阵腹痛,叫声不绝。时而在房内走来走去,时而上床躺着,时而又下床在凳子上坐坐,尤如没头的苍蝇到处乱转。客厅里,张彭年和家人一起守候着,其他人在谈天说地拉家常,可是张彭年心里却是十五个吊桶打水——七上八下。因为他深知妻子金氏终日劳累,十分辛苦,又搁了一夜还不分娩,怎不使他纠心呢?</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">五月二十五日卯时,雨突然停了,太阳刚露出笑脸的时候,忽然听到房内“哇”的一声,一个小生命来到了人间。这时张彭年心中的一块石头才算落了地,迫不及待地推开房门走了进去。接生婆笑嘻嘻地说:“恭喜恭喜,又添了一个四公子!”于是,张彭年立即从接生婆手里接过刚用青布兜起来的婴儿说:“是男是女不重要,只要平安离开大人身,我心里就踏实了。”</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张彭年眯着双眼端详着孩子好一会,看到孩子宽额大耳,将来定有出息,心中感到十分快慰。然后才慢慢把孩子送到妻子金氏的怀里。只见做母亲的紧紧地搂着婴儿,紧贴在自己的胸口前,并用脸颊偎依着婴儿的小脸儿。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><ignore_js_op style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"></ignore_js_op></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"><span style="color:#696969;overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;">海门市政府为纪念张謇逝世80周年特于常乐镇兴建张謇出生地纪念碑亭</span></strong></p><p><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张謇出生的第三天,张彭年为儿子举行“洗三”仪式,在众多的亲朋好友面前,张彭年为儿子起了个吴起元的名字。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;">祖父招赘&nbsp; &nbsp;兼祧吴氏</strong></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张謇生下来为什么要姓吴,叫吴起元?故事得从头说起。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">嘉庆初年,在江苏省通州金河乡有一个十多岁的楞头楞脑的小伙子,名叫张朝彦,有兄弟三人,他排行老三,人称他张三。张三八岁丧父,十六岁死母,兄长常年在外,不问家事,唯他一人在家掌管家业。张三年幼,少不经事,跟他人学了赌博的坏习惯,整天不务正业,迷恋在赌博之中。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">当地有一种纸牌,叫“十张麻雀”,是一种简单的赌具和方法。张三被人引诱入赌,逢赌必输,输了不服气,还想赢就卖家产。因此,村里人编了几句顺口溜嘲笑他:“张三麻雀输不足,今天卖田,明天卖屋。”果然不到两年功夫,田地全部输得精光,变成了一个穷困潦倒的流浪汉。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">离张三家不远处,有一个从东台栟茶来金沙场开一爿小瓷货店的吴圣揆老板,膝下无子,独生一女,经乡人介绍招张三入赘。在封建社会,招女婿是件极不光彩的事情。但是,已经穷困潦倒的张三,两手空空,却乐得有所投奔,二话没说便同意入赘吴家,并当众表示生子兼祧吴氏,这个张三就是张謇的祖父。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">转眼十多年张三生儿育女,负担越来越重,小瓷货店经不起拖累,翁婿间常有些言语顶撞,特别是张三所生两个儿子都姓张,一个叫张彭年,一个叫张彭庚,两个儿子没有一个姓吴。张三不信守兼祧吴氏的承诺,使吴家二老感到心寒。于是,翁婿决定分居各奔前程,张三携带家小,迁南通西亭镇落户,吴老板也决定离开金河,把小店迁往海门常乐镇去了。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">入赘又分居,丢下吴家二老不问,不仅外人说三道四,张三自己也觉得过意不去,便安排大儿子张彭年,每月都去常乐镇外婆家,住上十天半月,帮助二老做些事情。张彭年是个机灵人,做事勤快,也肯吃苦,从小好学,也会动脑筋,因此,吴家二老非常喜欢这个外孙子。后来,张彭年的外祖父去世,外祖母一人在常乐镇独居,生活起居需要有人照料,于是,张三又为儿子张彭年再聘娶一妻,住常乐镇专门服侍外祖母。清道光之际,张彭年又娶与外祖母同乡的东台金氏为妻,外祖母命生子后姓吴。这个张彭年就是张謇的父亲。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><ignore_js_op style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"></ignore_js_op></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"><span style="color:#696969;overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;">位于金沙西亭的吴家老宅被张家继承,现为南通市文物保护单位</span></strong></p><p><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张彭年有两房妻室,首娶葛氏,住南通西亭镇,生长子誉(小名长源),五子警;再娶金氏,住海门常乐镇,于道光三十年(1850),生二子暮(小名长庆),咸丰元年(1851),生三子詧(小名长春),咸丰三年(1853),生四子謇(小名长泰)。可是在张謇出世之日,外祖母将张彭年叫到面前,重申“生子后吴”的前说,于是,张彭年顺从外祖母意,就给张謇起名吴起元,同时将金氏所生的二子暮改名吴庆华,三子詧改名吴首梅。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;">家境清贪&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三代白衣</strong></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张謇的祖父张朝彦是一个目不识丁的种田人,靠租种人家的土地和岳父吴老板接济生活。后来生儿育女,日子更加艰难,因此在张彭年七八岁的时候,父亲就常带他下地里干活。张彭年从小就机灵,常常剩大人不注意,就溜到私塾去躲起来读书。他父亲发现后责骂说:“家穷人多,不种田吃西北风?再说,老子在田里晒太阳,你到书房里去乘凉,那有这样的道理?”但张彭年就是不听,后来还是私塾先生从中调解,最后达成“协议”:半天读书,半天种田,以读完《诗经》能做七言对为限。张家世代种田,到了张彭年才算有了个“读书人”。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张彭年当家后,手头逐渐宽裕,居然在西亭镇上造了一所房屋,全家可以安居乐业了。不科房子刚造好,老二张彭庚撞下大祸,因打死人吃了官司。张彭年为救胞弟倾家荡产,负债累累,最后只好将新造的房屋抵押给债主,从此全家人的生活来源,就靠卖糖兼兑布为生。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">咸丰五年(1855)七月,张彭年外祖母去世,因吴家后继无人,张彭年继承了全部遗产,计有良田20余亩,瓦房5间,草屋3间,还有一爿小瓷货店。从此,张彭年率全家既种田又做买卖,逐渐富了起来。至今在海门常乐镇还流传着“三担翻身”的说法。“三担”是指张家的卖糖担、许家的笼子担和徐家的卖馄饨担,且以张家糖担居首。为了教育后代永不忘本,在张家祠堂里的墙壁上一直挂着糖担箩。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张謇的生母金氏,是一个大慈大悲的妇道人家,虽然张家不富裕,家境清寒,但她慈悲为怀,乐于助人。咸丰六年(1856),通海地区大旱灾,田里的庄稼因缺水而枯死,就像火烧的一样,灾情已经非常严重,可是破屋便遭连夜雨,蝗虫又从北来,辄蔽天日,落地积厚二三寸,遍地皆满。这一年旱灾加蝗灾,庄稼颗粒无收,饥民满道。见状,张母金氏把家中仅有的杂粮、蚕豆等能充饥的东西,都拿了出来,做成饭粥赈济路边的求乞者。四岁的张謇成了妈妈的得力助手,他整天帮助拉“客”,看到求乞者便说:“快来吃,吃饱了好打蝗虫!”路人深知张母为人贤惠,有困难都愿意到张家来。这次的赈灾活动对张謇的影响很大,为他后来成为著名的慈善家打下了坚实的基础。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张母金氏一生克勤克俭乐于助人。但是张母金氏在临终时,因张謇读书和冒籍应试诺下麻烦,花了巨额钱财,这时的张家已经负债数千钱。所以,张母金氏在临终前谆谆告诫张謇:“有钱须先还债,穷苦须周济,不必待有余……”。这就充分说明当时张家的经济状况了。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;">光宗耀祖&nbsp; &nbsp;寒窗苦读</strong></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张謇生得面如银盆,前额宽大,浓眉大眼,显得很有生气,让人一看就知道他是一个聪明的孩子。他从小就好问好学,毎当遇到新鲜好奇的事儿,他都是打破沙锅问到底,直至弄明白了才罢休。父亲张彭年见张謇聪明过人,便暗下决心在儿子入学前,把自己的全部“知识”都交给他。首先教他学习《千字文》,父亲一字一字地教,儿子一句一句地学。先后划了不到三个月时间,张謇竟以超人的记忆力,一字不漏地能熟背《千字文》。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张謇五岁时,从读海门邱畏之先生。第一次见面,邱先生问张謇:“今年几岁了,是否识字?”张謇回答说:“今年五岁,父亲已经教我学了《千字文》,我还能背诵呢!”邱先生还没有批准,张謇就滔滔不绝地背诵起《千字文》来了,而且一字不漏,一句不错。这一切使邱先生赞叹不已。邱先生原先以为张謇年纪小,还未到入学年龄,怕收下来不好教,眼前这一切,打消了邱先生的顾虑,便二话没说,就答应收下张謇了。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张謇在邱家私塾读书与众不同,每天清晨到校,先生点书他认真听讲,下课时同学们到室外游玩,他仍在书房用心念书。夏天,哥哥张詧到河里洗澡,他坐在河岸上一边帮助看衣裳,一边手捧课本专心攻读。张謇十一岁时,已从读邱先生七年之久,已经读完《三字经》《百家姓》《神童诗》《酒诗》《鉴略》《千家诗》《孝经》《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》等,并已开始学习《诗经》。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><ignore_js_op style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"></ignore_js_op></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;"><span style="color:#696969;overflow-wrap: break-word; user-select: text !important;">图为张謇出生地张氏住宅扶海坨内的尊素堂</span></strong></p><p><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">一天邱先生突然命对:“月沉水底”,张謇立即回答:“日悬天上”。张彭年知道此事心里十分高兴,但是,张彭年心里明白,乡村塾师无非是教学生死记硬背,教属对不特不讲究四声,连平仄声也不区分,可见相当平庸。张彭年又深知自己这样的小户人家,若想提高社会地位,只有命子弟走科举入仕的道路,所以在张謇十二岁那年,张彭年咬紧牙关,在自家住屋外另砌了一间教室,室外栽了5颗柳树,取名仿陶书屋。另请西亭老家的宋逢山先生来家授读。这位宋老先生已是50出头的人了,是个屡试不中的老秀才。他在检查张謇弟兄的作业时,发现“音训句读多误”,命他们从《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》开始,尽换新课本重读,并结合《三字经》《四字鉴》《千家诗》为学生讲历史故事,教属对则授以四声。有一次,张彭年正好在书屋,有一武弁骑马过门外,先生举:“人骑白马门前去”命对,张謇对以“我踏金鳌海上来”。词句结构可同唐代诗人杜甫写的“两个黄鹂鸣翠柳,一行白鹭上青天”相媲美,其寓意显露了他的少年壮志、金榜题名的气慨,博得先生和父亲的欢喜。随后,张彭年将此事秉告金夫人,夫人却说:“儿诚可喜,但勿过誉之,成败未定也。”在宋老先生的教授下,张謇的学业有所进步,又读了《诗经》《尚书》《易经》《孝经》《尔雅》《礼记》等书,学习做五七言诗、试贴诗。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张謇少年时代就有理想抱负,他在十二岁那年所作的《盆松》中写道:“山泽孤生种,谁次到此盆?青苍一撮土,蟠郁百年根。宿黛含霜气,创鳞见斧痕,等闲怜托处,梁栋与谁论!”意思是不愿做供人观赏的盆景,而愿做崇山深涧上的苍松,成为国家的栋梁。表达了自己的立志趋向。他在十三岁那年,居然能够“制艺成篇”了。他在《中秋宋宅楼中对月》中写道:“云海腾初月,清光浩欲浮。百年当短烛,独夜正高楼。耿耿丹霄路,迢迢碧树秋。都忘更漏水,河汉向西流。”中秋之夜,寄读于宋氏塾中的少年张謇独上高楼,面对浩浩月光,陷入长长的沉思,他意识到人生百年不过像一支燃烧的短烛,历时不会永久,只有努力学习,才能有所成就,否则等闲之间白了少年头,悔之晚矣。表示既有远大志向,还必须有只争朝夕的决心。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">一个普通农家子弟已经经过投身科举的基本训练,而且成绩优异,张彭年已经心满意足了,所以对宋先生优礼有加。宋先生虽比邱先生略胜一筹,他也无非是一个学识有限的农村塾师,再加上年老体弱,自己还要连续应考岁试、科试、乡试,因精力有限,有一年停课竟达6个月以上。张彭年对儿子的教育也与众不同,他不仅命张謇兄弟为先生洒扫侍应,而且还要他们随雇工在棉田锄草、捉虫,在家中建房子时,还要帮助做杂工。在劳动方面,张彭年对儿子的要求相当严格。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">张彭年是个务实、精细而颇有心计的人。他眼看宋先生已到垂暮之年仍然屡试不中,深知科举道路并非轻而易举、平易可行。所以他不能不为儿子准备一条后路,兼作农事经营方面的训练。在家经济有所好转以后,儿子曾劝他把己有的20多田佃出收租,张彭年谆谆告诫说:“子弟非躬亲田间耕刈之事,不能知稼穑之艰难。汝曹曰后无论穷通,必须有自治之田。”这种注意农工生产,进而科举出仕,退可终老庄园的家训,对张謇以后的人生道路,产生了重大的影响。</span><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;">未完,待续...</strong><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><br/><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127);"><strong>作者:邹迎曦、陆碧波</strong></span></p><p><br style="overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;"/><strong style="overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Microsoft Yahei, Simsun, Verdana, Arial; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text !important;">编辑:吴勇胜</strong></p><p><br/></p><link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.xinsubei.com/source/plugin/wcn_editor/public/wcn_editor_fit.css?v134_fv3" id="wcn_editor_css"/>
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